The GSE is a one-dimensional self-report measure that features a 10-item questionnaire assessing the optimistic self-beliefs of individuals 12 years of age or older to cope with a variety of difficult demands in life. The response options are presented along a 4-point Likert-type scale for each item. A total score,on a scale of 10 to 40,or a mean scale score,on a scale of 1 to 4,can be calculated. Higher scores indicate higher perceived general self-efficacy,lower scores indicate lower perceived general self-efficacy.